Brain tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant tumors may spread from other parts of the body to the brain or develop primarily within the brain. Unlike cancers elsewhere, primary brain cancer typically doesn't spread to other areas but often recurs in the brain.

Despite ongoing research and trials for new brain cancer treatments (like Gliomas), no definitive cure exists. The focus has been on prolonging life (ranging from a few months in higher grades to several years in lower grades) while maintaining quality of life.

We spoke with Dr. Anandh Balasubramaniam, HOD of Neurosurgery at Amrita Hospital Faridabad, about the causes, symptoms, and preventive measures for brain cancer.

What causes brain cancer, and what are the preventive measures?

Dr. Balasubramaniam states, “There is no definitive cause for brain cancer.” He notes that mobile phone radiation is a suspected cause, although conclusive evidence is lacking.

To minimize exposure, he suggests limiting call durations, using hands-free devices, and avoiding mobile use in areas with weak signals, as phones radiate more energy in such situations. Genetic predisposition exists in certain disorders like Neurofibromatosis but is not a common cause of brain cancer. Excessive radiation exposure has also been implicated.

What are the symptoms of brain cancer, and how can they be diagnosed early?

Dr. Balasubramaniam explains that any brain tumor creates a space-occupying mass, leading to increased pressure in the skull and affecting nearby nerves. This often results in progressively worsening headaches, blurred vision, and vomiting, particularly in the mornings. Regular headaches of consistent severity at any time are unlikely to indicate brain tumors.

Some individuals may experience seizures due to brain cancer, along with loss of function in affected areas, such as weakness in limbs, speech issues, or balance problems. “It’s crucial to see a doctor if you notice symptoms like persistent headaches, seizures, or new weakness in any part of the body. An MRI scan is the best way to check for brain masses. A biopsy of the tumor removed during surgery confirms a brain cancer diagnosis,” he says.

Surgery for brain tumors is safe with modern techniques and aims to be minimally invasive while preserving brain function. Currently, the primary treatment for brain tumors involves surgery and maximal safe resection. “The more tumor removed, the longer the survival following radiotherapy and oral chemotherapy,” adds Dr. Balasubramaniam.